




Our respiratory tract is composed of the upper (nose, pharynx, and larynx) and lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar duct, and alveoli). They all are branched together in a chain-like manner which is susceptible to inflammation and infection. Diseases affecting the respiratory tract are common in damp, cold, and drastically varying climates.
Bronchial asthma is a reversible obstruction of the airways. Changes in the immune system and the control of the diameter of the airways are probably responsible for attacks of wheezing. Asthmatic attacks are characterized by the narrowing of the large and small airways due to spasms of the muscles of the bronchial tubes, edema, inflammation in the inner lining of the airways, and production of the mucus. Asthma can occur at any age and individuals with asthma differ greatly in the frequency and degree of their symptoms. Some have only occasional attacks that are mild in degree and of brief duration and otherwise are entirely free of symptoms. Others have mild coughing and wheezing most of the time.
An asthma attack may begin acutely with bouts of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath or with slowly increasing symptoms and signs of distress in the respiratory system. In this case, the person usually first notices the onset of breathing that is difficult and becomes more rapid, coughing and tightness or pressure in the chest, and may even notice audible wheezes. Asthma may often go unnoticed though there is little difficulty in identifying a child with a history of other allergic disorders, who suffers from recurrent wheezing. Yet many children with persistent coughs, particularly at night, and wheezing episodes are regarded as suffering from bronchitis triggered by infection of the airways.
Persistent bronchitis may lead to asthma. The factors that trigger the airways are pollution, allergy, bacterial and viral infection, etc.
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